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Human Rights Land issues

VGGT Section	VGGT Paragraph	Human Right	Human rights instrument	Article
Administration of tenure 21. Resolution of disputes over tenure rights	21.1 States should provide access through impartial and competent judicial and administrative bodies to timely, affordable and effective means of resolving disputes over tenure rights, including alternative means of resolving such disputes, and should provide effective remedies and a right to appeal. Such remedies should be promptly enforced. States should make available, to all, mechanisms to avoid or resolve potential disputes at the preliminary stage, either within the implementing agency or externally. Dispute resolution services should be accessible to all, women and men, in terms of location, language and procedures.	Right to take part in cultural life	ICESCR	15.1.a 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life Explanatory note Referring to indigenous peoples, the CESCR has stated that the right to take part in cultural life includes the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired. States parties must therefore take measures to recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources, and, where they have been otherwise inhabited or used without their free and informed consent, take steps to return these lands and territories. See CESCR GC no. 21.
		Right to take part in cultural life	ICESCR		Administration of tenure 21. Resolution of disputes over tenure rights	21.1 States should provide access through impartial and competent judicial and administrative bodies to timely, affordable and effective means of resolving disputes over tenure rights, including alternative means of resolving such disputes, and should provide effective remedies and a right to appeal. Such remedies should be promptly enforced. States should make available, to all, mechanisms to avoid or resolve potential disputes at the preliminary stage, either within the implementing agency or externally. Dispute resolution services should be accessible to all, women and men, in terms of location, language and procedures.	Right to take part in cultural life	ICESCR	15.1.a 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life Explanatory note Referring to indigenous peoples, the CESCR has stated that the right to take part in cultural life includes the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired. States parties must therefore take measures to recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources, and, where they have been otherwise inhabited or used without their free and informed consent, take steps to return these lands and territories. See CESCR GC no. 21.
	Administration of tenure 21. Resolution of disputes over tenure rights	21.3 States should strengthen and develop alternative forms of dispute resolution, especially at the local level. Where customary or other established forms of dispute settlement exist, they should provide for fair, reliable, accessible and non-discriminatory ways of promptly resolving disputes over tenure rights	Right to equality and non-discrimination	ICESCR	2.2 The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. To be read in conjunction with the rights mentioned above Explanatory note CESCR has clarified that the concept of "property", as a ground of discrimination, includes a person's land tenure status. The Covenant thus provide protection, for example, from forced eviction regardless of a person's land tenure status. See CESCR, General Comment nos. 20 and 4.
	Administration of tenure 21. Resolution of disputes over tenure rights		Right to equality and non-discrimination	ICESCR	21.3 States should strengthen and develop alternative forms of dispute resolution, especially at the local level. Where customary or other established forms of dispute settlement exist, they should provide for fair, reliable, accessible and non-discriminatory ways of promptly resolving disputes over tenure rights	Right to equality and non-discrimination	ICESCR	3 The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights set forth in the present Covenant. To be read in conjunction with the rights mentioned above
	Administration of tenure 21. Resolution of disputes over tenure rights		21.3 States should strengthen and develop alternative forms of dispute resolution, especially at the local level. Where customary or other established forms of dispute settlement exist, they should provide for fair, reliable, accessible and non-discriminatory ways of promptly resolving disputes over tenure rights	Right to self-determination	ICESCR	1 1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence. 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.
	Administration of tenure 21. Resolution of disputes over tenure rights		21.3 States should strengthen and develop alternative forms of dispute resolution, especially at the local level. Where customary or other established forms of dispute settlement exist, they should provide for fair, reliable, accessible and non-discriminatory ways of promptly resolving disputes over tenure rights	Right to take part in cultural life	ICESCR	15.1.a 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life Explanatory note Referring to indigenous peoples, the CESCR has stated that the right to take part in cultural life includes the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired. States parties must therefore take measures to recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources, and, where they have been otherwise inhabited or used without their free and informed consent, take steps to return these lands and territories. See CESCR GC no. 21.