Explore VGGT - Human Rights

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

Concerning the responsibility of non-State actors, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights states that "the responsibility to respect human rights is a global standard of expected conduct for all business enterprises wherever they operate. It exists independently of States’ abilities and/or willingness to fulfil their own human rights obligations, and does not diminish those obligations. And it exists over and above compliance with national laws and regulations protecting human rights" (A/HRC/17/31, Principle 11). “The responsibility to respect human rights requires that business enterprises: (a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur; (b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts.” (Guiding Principle 13). In order to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, business enterprises should have in place policies and processes appropriate to their size and circumstances, including: a) A policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights; (b) A human rights due diligence process to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their impacts on human rights; (c) Processes to enable the remediation of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute (Guiding Principle 15). Where business enterprises identify that they have caused or contributed to adverse impacts, they should provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes (Guiding Principle 22).

Concerning the responsibility of non-State actors, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights states that "the responsibility to respect human rights is a global standard of expected conduct for all business enterprises wherever they operate. It exists independently of States’ abilities and/or willingness to fulfil their own human rights obligations, and does not diminish those obligations. And it exists over and above compliance with national laws and regulations protecting human rights" (A/HRC/17/31, Principle 11). “The responsibility to respect human rights requires that business enterprises: (a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur; (b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts.” (Guiding Principle 13). In order to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, business enterprises should have in place policies and processes appropriate to their size and circumstances, including: a) A policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights; (b) A human rights due diligence process to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their impacts on human rights; (c) Processes to enable the remediation of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute (Guiding Principle 15). Where business enterprises identify that they have caused or contributed to adverse impacts, they should provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes (Guiding Principle 22).

Concerning the responsibility of non-State actors, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights states that "the responsibility to respect human rights is a global standard of expected conduct for all business enterprises wherever they operate. It exists independently of States’ abilities and/or willingness to fulfil their own human rights obligations, and does not diminish those obligations. And it exists over and above compliance with national laws and regulations protecting human rights" (A/HRC/17/31, Principle 11). “The responsibility to respect human rights requires that business enterprises: (a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur; (b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts.” (Guiding Principle 13). In order to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, business enterprises should have in place policies and processes appropriate to their size and circumstances, including: a) A policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights; (b) A human rights due diligence process to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their impacts on human rights; (c) Processes to enable the remediation of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute (Guiding Principle 15). Where business enterprises identify that they have caused or contributed to adverse impacts, they should provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes (Guiding Principle 22).

Concerning the responsibility of non-State actors, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights states that "the responsibility to respect human rights is a global standard of expected conduct for all business enterprises wherever they operate. It exists independently of States’ abilities and/or willingness to fulfil their own human rights obligations, and does not diminish those obligations. And it exists over and above compliance with national laws and regulations protecting human rights" (A/HRC/17/31, Principle 11). “The responsibility to respect human rights requires that business enterprises: (a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur; (b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts.” (Guiding Principle 13). In order to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, business enterprises should have in place policies and processes appropriate to their size and circumstances, including: a) A policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights; (b) A human rights due diligence process to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their impacts on human rights; (c) Processes to enable the remediation of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute (Guiding Principle 15). Where business enterprises identify that they have caused or contributed to adverse impacts, they should provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes (Guiding Principle 22).

Concerning the responsibility of non-State actors, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights states that "the responsibility to respect human rights is a global standard of expected conduct for all business enterprises wherever they operate. It exists independently of States’ abilities and/or willingness to fulfil their own human rights obligations, and does not diminish those obligations. And it exists over and above compliance with national laws and regulations protecting human rights" (A/HRC/17/31, Principle 11). “The responsibility to respect human rights requires that business enterprises: (a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur; (b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts.” (Guiding Principle 13). In order to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, business enterprises should have in place policies and processes appropriate to their size and circumstances, including: a) A policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights; (b) A human rights due diligence process to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their impacts on human rights; (c) Processes to enable the remediation of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute (Guiding Principle 15). Where business enterprises identify that they have caused or contributed to adverse impacts, they should provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes (Guiding Principle 22).

Concerning the responsibility of non-State actors, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights states that "the responsibility to respect human rights is a global standard of expected conduct for all business enterprises wherever they operate. It exists independently of States’ abilities and/or willingness to fulfil their own human rights obligations, and does not diminish those obligations. And it exists over and above compliance with national laws and regulations protecting human rights" (A/HRC/17/31, Principle 11). “The responsibility to respect human rights requires that business enterprises: (a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur; (b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts.” (Guiding Principle 13). In order to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, business enterprises should have in place policies and processes appropriate to their size and circumstances, including: a) A policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights; (b) A human rights due diligence process to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their impacts on human rights; (c) Processes to enable the remediation of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute (Guiding Principle 15). Where business enterprises identify that they have caused or contributed to adverse impacts, they should provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes (Guiding Principle 22).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible governance of tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1. The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1.

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1.

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1.

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1.

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1.

In this section, reference is made to the human rights standards underpinning the principles of responsible tenure in guideline 3.1. For additional explanatory notes concerning these standards see guideline 3.1.

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).

The right to land is not explicitly referenced in international human rights instruments with the notable exception of those relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, and peasants. However, as security of tenure and access to land has such a significant impact on the enjoyment of human rights, the CESCR has clarified states’ obligations relating to the impact of access to, use of and control over land on the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the ICESCR, especially for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups. It has thus clarified the specific obligations contained in the Covenant that relate to land, particularly in the context of the rights enshrined in articles 1–3, 11, 12 and 15. It has highlighted that land plays an essential role in the realization of a range of rights under the ICESCR. Secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land for individuals and communities can be essential to eradicate hunger and poverty and to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living. The sustainable use of land is essential to ensure the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and to promote the right to development, among other rights. Further, land is not only a resource for producing food, generating income and developing housing, it also constitutes the basis for social, cultural and religious practices and the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life. At the same time, secure land tenure systems are important to protect people’s access to land as a means of guaranteeing livelihoods and avoiding and regulating disputes. See CESCR General Comment No. 26 (2022) on land and economic, social and cultural rights (E/C.12/GC/26).