13.1
Where appropriate, States may consider land consolidation, exchanges or other voluntary approaches for the readjustment of parcels or holdings
to assist owners and users to improve the layout and use of their parcels or holdings, including for the promotion of food security and rural development in a sustainable manner. States should ensure that all actions are consistent with their obligations under national and international law, and with due regard to voluntary commitments under applicable regional
and international instruments, and ensure that participants are at least as well off after the schemes compared with before. These approaches
should be used to coordinate the preferences of multiple owners and users in a single legitimate readjustment. |
7
Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises:
The right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force;
The right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal;
The right to defence, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice;
The right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal.
No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
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